A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Throughout the novel, Singh portrays the experience of conflict that each character, including Juggut Singh, Iqbal Singh, and Hukum Chand, has to deal with. Reviews tend to be written in a professional, detached voice and provide detailed coverage of the content included. The main character, Piyali Roy, is a young marine biologist of Bengali-Indian descent but identifying as stubbornly American. He was successful in developing a cooperative estate on the Sundarbans island of Gosaba, though the estate fell apart after Hamilton's death in 1939. She decides to ask him to take her to Lusibari, and he turns out to be kind and respectful, though they do not speak the same language. Today, the intimate relationship between the natural and social world is being analyzed and emphasized in all departments of knowledge and development. I think one of the greatest compliments one could pay Amitav Ghosh and his novel is to say that it is true to many experiences not contained in it. Ghosh intertwines two different cultures in this novel through Kanai Dutt, Fokir and Piyali Roy. Raised in Seattle, she studies at the Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla. The Sundarbans are also home to a wide range of wildlife, including threatened species of crocodile and python, in addition to the famous Bengal tiger. However, we are only now beginning to see the true effects of this seeming victory, as climate change becomes a more threatening and inescapable force. It should be specific and focus on a single idea, rather than being too broad or vague. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. So in that concern, the dissertation concentrates on Amitav Ghoshs novel The Hungry Tide in an eco-critical perspective. It lessens the amount of oxygen in the water which ultimately leads to the migration and death of many different marine animals. The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-supremacy BoD E-Short She stays in Lusibari for a few weeks longer, then returns soon after, planning to work on a conservation program alongside Nilima. Nirmal and Nilima were once outcasts themselves, having left the city because of political strains. T: 02743.899.588 - 0985.173.317 Ms Hng - 0908.131.884 Mr Quyn It won the 2004 Hutch Crossword Book Award for Fiction. The Sundarbans ("beautiful forest" in Bengali), a region in India and Bangladesh, are surrounded by three large rivers, the Ganges, Meghna, and Brahamaputra, which flow into the Bay of Bengal. All these issues come up in a unique fashion in One Amazing Thing by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni. Red tide in Florida waterways has a negative impact on marine life because it produces toxins that are harmful to marine species. When Kanai met Kusum in 1970, she was in Nilima's care after Kusum's father died, and Kusum's mother was sold into sexual slavery. He promises to rewrite the notebook from memory, and Nilima asks him to include her story as well. Piya is annoyed to discover that Moyna seems to think little of her husband. In the essay, The Devils Bait by Leslie Jamison, Jamison emphasizes her paper about Morgellons Disease. However, he knew that in doing so, he would probably be forfeiting his life, thus deserting the wife who loved him. Provider of short book summaries. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs It contains only a notebook that appears to have been filled over the course of a few days in May 1979, on the island of Morichjhpi. Piya is traveling to the same area to survey the Orcaella river dolphins. It is justified and even inevitable because our neoliberalism provides the model for the new world. Meanwhile, Piya begins her survey alongside a forest guard, who's required to accompany her, and a boater named Kanai continues reading Nirmal's notebook, which tells of his dedication to Marxist theory and his decision to involve himself in the plight of the refugees, partially because of Kusum, who he has romantic feelings for. Both of them are rude to her and offer no help. The 1979 Morichjhpi massacre was a consequence of the partition of the colony of British India in 1947. Piya is pleasantly surprised that she and Fokir can communicate so well, and their pursuits are well-matched: mapping the riverbed by rowing in straight lines gives Fokir the opportunity to fish for crabs. Water-related diseases are also becoming more common, putting the people of the Sundarbans in further danger. When Kanai comes face-to-face with a tiger himself he is shaken and asks Horen to take him back to Lusibari. SparkNotes, Shmoop guide, or Cliff Notes, you can find a link to each study guide below. The Hungry Tide by Amitav Ghosh Genre: Fiction Published: 2004 Pages: 352 Est. The Hungry Tide essays are academic essays for citation. It's a translation of The Glory of Bon Bibi, which is what Fokir was chanting the day before. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of The Hungry Tide by Amitav Ghosh. The rest of Europe learn that he was the Emperor of the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Irish Sea and the Channel. characters, and symbols. He explains that the island is protected by Bon Bibi, and the goddess will protect anyone who is good of heart. Impressed with Fokir, Piya hires him for a week to help her survey the dolphins in the region. On Fokir's boat, Kanai tries to talk to Fokir with little success. The plotline of The Hungry Tide is amazing, and will keep you on your reading chair's edge. Every person in this book has his or her own story. She explains that tigers kill multiple people every week. It seems to underscore Nirmal's observation that "nothing escapes the maw of the tides. As Piya makes preparations to leave, Kanai asks to go with her as a translator; Piya accepts. The following day he takes her to the island of Garjontola, where there is a group of Orcaella dolphins. That afternoon, the Megha's engine dies, though Horen is able to float the bhotbhoti to a village where a relative can help fix the boat. They cling to the tree as a tidal wave hits but, when the wind changes direction, Fokir is crushed by a heavy object. Also includes sites with a short overview, synopsis, book report, or summary of Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide. December, 2004 In Indonesia was a tragic month Because a tsunami hit and killed many people, in addition to all of the deaths, the tsunami destroyed everything in meulaboh. In this novel, Ghosh uses the journey as a path to self detection. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. -Graham S. Although the island of Lusibari is a fictional place, many of the historical events that the novel mentions actually happened. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. Horen, Moyna, even her son remain mysteries to the reader. After three and a half sennights of almost continuous combat the decisive breakthrough that the rebels had sought came when Gerold Hightower and his principal subordinates were caught up in an assault near the hamlet of Bluestone; Hightower himself was killed by Robert Baratheon in a ferocious contest, while his subordinates were either killed or captured. Piya Roy, a nomadic American of Bangladesh ancestry, was raised in Seattle and plans to make her great feat as a marine biologist studying the Irrawaddy dolphin orcaella brevirostris. On the train to Canning, Kanai, a wealthy translator from New Delhi, meets Piya, a young cetologist (a biologist who specializes in marine mammals). Off the easternmost coast of India, in the Bay of Bengal, lies the immense labyrinth of tiny islands known as the Sundarbans. Based on the characters development, Singhs goal is to present the idea that love always conquers the power of violence and ethnic antagonism. It was there that Nirmal wrote in his notebook. The book shows how it can create economic division. One evening, Horen and Nirmal were caught in a storm and ended up meeting Kusum on the island of Morichjhpi. The novel brings how the connection between human and nature is not just interdependent, First of all, ROVs are capable of much more than divers are capable of doing underwater. The setting of the book is in the 'Sundarbans' in Eastern India a vast forest in the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal and considered one of the natural wonders of the world. Kanai and Nilima arrive on Lusibari and head to the Badabon Trust compound where Nilima lives. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. He reunites with Piya in the role of translator. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. After his retirement, Nirmal began visiting schools with the help of Horen. Energy from tides can be harnessed by constructing a dam to hold seawater at a higher elevation when the tide is high and letting it run a turbine when the tide is low. Ms. M. Elakkiya, Avinashilingam University for Women, Coimbatore Ecocriticism is the study of the relationship between literature and the physical environment. When Piya arrives in Lusibari Nilima invites her to stay in the guest house. As the three of them explore the tidal backwaters, they are drawn unaware into the hidden undercurrents of this isolated world, where political turmoil exacts a personal toll that is every bit as powerful as the ravaging tide. The story traces the transformation of these three main characters from disengaged spectators to invested insiders. Wading to shore, Kanai falls and drops Nirmal's notebook. He treats Piya with exceptional kindness and respect and the next day, he takes her to a place called Garjontola where a pod of seven Irrawaddy dolphins are swimming. Bon Bibi, the goddess discussed in the novel, is very real to the people of the Sundarbans, regardless of whether they describe themselves as Hindu, Muslim, or adhering to another religion. Over the course of the next several days, Kanai reads Nirmal's notebook. Introduction (5 min) Although they have no language between them, Piya and Fokir are powerfully drawn to each other, sharing an uncanny instinct for the ways of the sea. Though The Hungry Tide focuses on the Indian part of the Sundarbans, about 60% of the region is part of Bangladesh. However when it comes to the matter of survival in this harsh environment, Fokir is the personification of an ecological pioneer being that he can interpret the forestry when matters of danger or serenity arise. According to High Tide Exploration, ROVs have an equal or greater depth rating (1,000 feet) than divers. Kanai, a wealthy New Delhi-based interpreter and translator and Piya, an American cetologist, first meet on a train to Canning. Over the next several hours, Piya and Kanai draw closer to each other, and Kanai agrees the next morning to go out in Fokir's boat to help observe the dolphins. The fisherman mimes to Piya that he sees dolphins in the area often. Suddenly terrified, Kanai crashes inland to get away from the crocodiles he knows are in the water. Kusum and her young son Fokir survive, but Kusum is later killed. People that don't face these issues are not aware of what is going on or they are and just do not care because it does, to works self-evidently about nature(Barry 250). The Hungry Tide study guide contains a biography of Amitav Ghosh, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. He is considerate and respectful, creating a private space for Piya to bathe, and making her a meal. . The police began a siege on the island, which Kusum and Fokir survived, but Kusum was distraught that people wanted to kill the settlers for the sake of animals. With such a rich and culturally nuanced view of how the residents of Sundarbans lives are linked, you would expect that Ghosh's characters would be just as vivid and nuanced. Copyright FreeBookNotes.com 2014-2015. Second, ROVs also can last a much larger amount of time underwater than divers The fisherman saves her and pulls her into his boat, and Piya, afraid of going back with the Forest Department, asks if he'll take her to Lusibari. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of "The Hungry Tide" by Amitav Ghosh. Piya, shielded by Fokirs body, survives and is rescued by Kanai, Horen, and Moyna. She strives to empathize and appreciate the unique culture surrounding her as well as its people, but is inhibited by her own morals and obligations that come with being a first world citizen. 3 pages at 400 words per page) View a FREE sample The economy would not fully turn around until after 1939 when World War II kicked American history into high gear. Piya is surprised as they are behaving unusually and she realizes there is still a lot to learn about the species. A country in which the top, Our focus was to compare the distribution of invertebrate species from the low tide point to the high tide points of the estuary. I walked among the mangroves, saw the pugmarks of the maneaters - the Royal Bengal Tiger - up close, gasped as the crocodiles swiftly and stealthily swam up to my boat, and smiled when the dolphins sounded. Another reason the British lost was because troops, Why Is 1776 Important 431 Words | 2 Pages It follows the lives of three principal characters: Piya, a cetologist from the United States; Kanai, a translator and interpreter from New Delhi; and Fokir, a fisherman from Lusibari. They decide hours later that they can't wait for Piya and Fokir, so they head back to Lusibari through the gathering storm. Nilima tells him that Moyna, a trainee nurse at Lusibari hospital, will have prepared him a meal. Once they reach the shore, Kanai falls in the mud and loses his temper, sending Fokir away. Food Chain Discussion (5 minutes) Scientists speculate that their small size has to do with the smaller prey available in the Sundarbans, and might also suggest that they've adapted to the specifics of their mangrove forest habitat. The author Richard lewis wrote the book to tell and to simulate the tsunami in the killing sea with two new characters, ruslan who once collaborated with sarah to save her little brother, peter. The Hungry Tide isn't the only literary work about the Sundarbansthe region also features in the Bengali folk epic Manasamangal Kavya, the novel Padma Nadir Majhi by the Bengali author Manik Bandopadhyay, and the Booker Prize-winning novel Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie. The Hungry Tide conveys the breaking of cultural boundaries and borders through the attainments and achievements of the characters of the. When Piya arrives in Lusibari Nilima invites her to stay in the guest house. When the boat's engine dies, they float to a nearby village. Instant PDF downloads. Big Fish (30 minutes) When attempts to scare the settlers away failed, Horen, discovered that the government planned to use extreme force and he and Nirmal returned to Morichjhapi to warn Kusum. The Hungry Tide. It deals with the thought that culture is not an obstruction to accomplish one's goal. At a performance honoring Bon Bibi, the legendary protectress of the island people, Kusum had told Kanai about watching her father being dragged off by a tiger and her own sense of betrayal when Bon Bibi ignored her calls for help. When they setup a schedule for spending time with their children, the two boys are caught up in the emotional upheavals of the split, swinging from parent to parent for a joint custody. Khushwant Singhs Train to Pakistan recounts the event of the Partition of India, which happened in 1947. They had to stand, The Novels of Amitav Ghosh: A Perspective Study Just as the characters in The Hungry Tide often come across mangroves, the region has over 4,000 square miles of mangrove forests. Kusum and Kanai had become friends and had gone to performances of the local legend The Glory of Bon Bibi together. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. He began to write novels during the 1980s, and his first novel. Kanai spends several days reading Nirmals notebook and about the events on Morichjhapi which led to Kusums death. Yet the picture of her hand on Dads chest stayed with me long. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Fokir represents the indigenous culture of Sundarbans and Kanai Dutt symbolizes the foreign culture. His novel The Glass Palace 2000 spans 115 years. However, the Bengal tigers are a protected species, and there's a total ban on killing or capturing wildlife in the Sundarbans, save for some fish and other invertebrates. Directly or indirectly he ruled most of the peoples living around those seas and thus the trade between them ourished. Kanai had found the story, which is about a boy named Dukhey who is saved by the goddess Bon Bibi after being sacrificed to the demon Dokkhin Rai, very affecting. Alfred Hickling gave the book a mixed review in The Guardian, saying describing it as "a Conradian expedition, and a Forster ish collision between western assumptions and Indian reality, which throws in some Indiana Jones-style encounters with tigers and crocodiles" and concluded "Like the elusive appearances of the river dolphins, the pattern of the novel can occasionally seem erratic, but vigilance is rewarded. Upon her arrival, she hires a boat to look for the dolphins, but her journey begins with a disaster, when she is thrown from a boat into crocodile-infested waters. . He problematizes homeless all the more as he striki The Hungry Tide, Amitav Ghosh As always with Amitav Ghosh, his narrative technique refuses to follow a linear pattern, instead it criss-crosses across events of varying decades to foreground the concept of home and homelessness in The Hungry Tide. Sometimes they narrate stories of the kind I have mentioned before. Set in the Sundarbans, it follows an unlikely trio who travel up river together to find the rare Irrawaddy dolphin. The Question and Answer section for The Hungry Tide is a great The Kairos of when the essay was written is essential because if the essay was written in modern day, many will not read it for it is currently not a concerning issue compare to how it used to be. The police began a siege on the island, which Kusum and Fokir survived, but Kusum was distraught that people wanted to kill the settlers for the sake of animals. In that deep force, the last fact behind which analysis cannot go, all things find their common origin. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. At the result, the term Eco criticism comes in currency. Irrawaddy river dolphins have been known to cooperate with fishermen, driving fish into nets in exchange for some of the fishermen's catch. In most of his plays he has recorded the turbulent period of Calcutta in 1960-70s. Less. Once there, Nilima invites Piya to stay in the guesthouse with Kanai, and Kanai agrees to help Piya talk to Fokir the next day. These novels include Ibis trilogy, which explores the earlier colonial history of the area. Set in a fictional village of Mano Majra, the novel aims to depict the cultural and political clash between the Sikhs, Hindus, and Muslims and, by following the development of the characters, unveil the moral of humanity. The land constantly is changing because of tides which puts the people at risk of loosing there homes at all times. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Against the wishes of Nilima, his wife, Nirmal travels to Morichjhpi repeatedly. In a letter addressed to Kanai, Nirmal explains that he's with Kusum on the island and simply wants to make sure that what happens isn't forgotten. One day, as Fokir and Kanai observe the dolphins together, Fokir suggests going ashore to an island he believes is protected by Bon Bibi, a goddess. Vending machine should be allowed in school because students can be hungry,get sick,and they may be skipped meals. The Hungry Tide Analysis 2022-10-18. First his aunt, Nilima Bose, delivers a lecture about the early history of the Sundarbans, and then Kanai begins reading the notebook of Nirmal, his late uncle. If there is a The Hungry Tide And surprisingly in all 3 themes Ghosh prevails Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide is an ode to the Tide Country. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. When Nilima found out, she was incensed that Nirmal was involvedshe insisted that the refugees were just squatters, and the land was protected forestland. The hungry tide the Sundarbans is hungry because it is one of its kind; it is ferocious because it is just nature at its best wholly unmediated by any external presence. Overall, a good topic sentence for a compare and contrast essay should be specific, clearly state the main points of comparison or contrast, and be relevant to the overall thesis of the essay. According to an Electric Power Research Institute study, the total ocean wave and tidal power resource potential for the United States is approximately 2100 TWh/year (EPRI 2007 . Although this book has an excellent storyline, it also has an interdisciplinary perspective. Whatever it was she would never know: not just because they had no language in common but because that was how it was with human beings, who came equipped as a species, with the means of shutting each other out. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. She will provide high-level, marginalized people and just like them, their history too is marginalized. The reason Morgellons Disease is an urgent topic that must be discussed is because many people feel like their voices are not being heard and ignored. literary analysis today: feminism, psychoanalysis, Marxism, reader-response theory, new criticism, . Even though the city seems to be economically well developed, most of the people suffer from poverty and, TideWatch adds former Millward Brown manager Diana Mankowski to talent roster The topic sentence should also be placed at the beginning of the paragraph, typically as the first sentence, to clearly introduce the topic and set the stage for the rest of the paragraph. A good understanding of Becks thesis commences with an understanding of the explosion of industrial modernity and the manner it is overshadowing nature. The next morning, Kanai leaves Piya and Fokir on Fokir's boat with a packet for Piya, while Horen takes him to Lusibari on the Megha. Tamilnadu resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. The plotline of The Hungry Tide is amazing, and will keep you on your reading chair's edge. This article about a 2000s novel is a stub. The boys soon take sides. He responds cruelly telling her she and Fokir have nothing in common. (including. In The Interesting Narrative the slave trade was in full swing and a capitalist attitude heavily dominates the text, whilst in The Hungry Tide capitalism plays a smaller role and the humanitarian backdrop of the story is a more central theme. Fokir helps Piya engage Horen to take them in his bhotbhoti, the Megha. However, its success makes little sense. Despite these attempts, biodiversity continues to decline. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The islands constituting the Sundarbans range from minuscule to miles long. Upstairs in Nirmal's study, Kanai opens the packet. AGD Consulting provides writing, research and evaluation services for health-related organizations, with an emphasis on mission-driven community health improvement efforts. Pencil (1 per student) She travels to the Sundarbans in search of a rare endangered river dolphin, Orcaella brevirostris. The word Eco and Critic is derived from the, Badal Sircar is one of the influential Bengali dramatists of the twenty first century. She explains that tigers kill multiple people every week. When Kanai meets his aunt, Nilima, he finds that she is still deeply impacted by his uncle's death decades ago and that the natural landscape of the Sundarbans has already changed since his visit as a child. Nilima is upset that Nirmal didn't leave the notebook for her. He died months later. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Prof. English & IQAC Coordinator, This is unique from the perspective that unlike her other works where India is mostly viewed through the eyes of Indian natives, here in this novel there are some non- native characters who aspire to settle nowhere but in India with the hope of fulfilling their dreams which were otherwise lost in the materialistic soil of America. White paper (1 piece per student) The Question and Answer section for The Hungry Tide is a great Piya stays in Lusibari for two weeks, taking care of Moyna and Tutul, and then leaves promising she will be back. The writer exemplifies brilliant nature, individuals, customs and even issues with tremendous love and respect.The ecological issues turn out to be increasingly, outsmarted nature. Kanai loses Nirmals notebook in the floodwater but, back in Lusibari, promises Nilima he can rewrite it from memory. The Economist 372 July 17, 2004 : 81. The Hungry Tide is set in the Sundarbans, an archipelago of rivers in the Bay of Bengal. Nirmal was thrilled to learn that Morichjhpi was being developed in a very Marxist way, and he offered to teach the children there. Yet this time, we seek the expansion of the US throughout the entire world. The relationship between nature and literature is unique. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. In the end, the most applicable knowledge is learned from experience, not from a textbook. Though the Sundarbans are geographically marginal, they're home to around four million people. It tells the story of how Nirmal became involved with the settlement on Morichjhpi after he retired from teaching. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Kanai continues reading Nirmal's notebook, which tells of his dedication to Marxist theory and his decision to involve himself in the plight of the refugees, partially because of Kusum, who he has romantic feelings for. Cliff Notes , Cliffnotes , and Cliff's Notes are trademarks of Wiley Publishing, Inc. SparkNotes and Spark Notes are trademarks of Barnes & Noble, Inc. After this, Kanai decides to return to Lusibari. Teachers and parents! I have chosen to research about Marine biology because I would like to learn about sea life, the ocean, and its surrounding environment. On the trip, Kanai is jealous when Piya tells him that working with Fokir has been one of the most exciting experiences of her life. Welcome to the LitCharts study guide on Amitav Ghosh's The Hungry Tide. Also according to High Tide Exploration, ROVs have an HD video capability provided by an external camera down to 200 feet.Again according to High Tide Exploration, ROVs have a high thrust to weight ratio. Trying to surreptitiously give the fisherman some money in return, Piya falls off her boat, and the fisherman rescues her. Meanwhile, Piya begins her survey alongside a forest guard, who's required to accompany her, and a boater named Mej-da. Her decision proves to be a wise one. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Piya feels uncomfortable being alone with Mej-da and the guard, and when their steamer approaches a fishing boat, she is shocked when the guard threatens the fisherman and steals money from his young son. As Nirmal and Piya both notice and mention in the novel, the Sundarbans suffer ecologically from farming, overfishing, and poaching of native species. Science: Biodiversity, Adaptation & The Role of Water Early that evening, Piya and Kanai hear the sound of a water buffalo giving birth. She spends the next day with Fokir, observing the dolphins and mapping the riverbed. The refugees attempted to settle in West Bengal in 1978, but the new Left Front government declared that the refugees couldn't be considered citizens of West Bengal. In his youth, Nirmal was a renowned Marxist in Calcutta, but he had to leave the city after he was arrested and suffered a mental breakdown. The tide begins to turn with the advent of two seekers from the outside world - Piyali Roy, an Indian-American marine biologist in search of the Irrawaddy dolphins and Kanai Dutt, an urbane translator from New Delhi who's there to retrieve his deceased uncle Nirmal's journal. But, when Piya and Fokir have not returned by the following morning, Kanai and Horen are forced to head back to Lusibari or they will be caught in the cyclone themselves. I got about a third of the way through. Teachers and parents! Piya manages to take his boat in the direction of Lusibari the next day, and explains what happened to Kanai and Horen when she finds them coming to get her on the Megha. . Reviews are typically positive. Every person has something which I don't have, every person has a higher education than their counterpart in one way or other. . He starts to chant, but Kanai insists the chant is too difficult to translate for Piya. Read Time: 5 hours Full Book Notes and Study Guides Sites like SparkNotes with a The Hungry Tide study guide or cliff notes. As they trudge through the mud, Kanai falls over and gets angry, sending Fokir away. Finally, the reader understands that life in, The novel I select is The Hungry Tide there are many elements that are important in todays world. are 3 Short Summaries and 4 Book Reviews. Knut inherited the empire that his father, King Sweyn Forkbeard of the Danes had glued together. The Morichjhanpi massacre of 197879, when the government of West Bengal forcibly evicted thousands of Bengali refugees who had settled on the island, forms a background for some parts of the novel.
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