(2014), Fatherhood in the Nordic welfare states, Bristol University Press, Bristol, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1t894gw. A slightly smaller share of the population reports not having someone they can count on in times of trouble and the life expectancy is among the highest across OECDcountries (OECD, 2020[48]). Forty-nine percent of U.S. adults either strongly favor (17%) or somewhat favor (32%) the use of nuclear energy to . Own calculations with statistical data from the National Statistical Office (INE) and the General Council for Judicial Power (CGPJ) for 2018. Source: OECD (n.d.[6]), LMF1.2Maternal employment OECD Family Database, http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/LMF_1_2_Maternal_Employment.xlsx. For women, in contrast, there is no such uniform pattern: in Latvia and the Netherlands, mothers have a lower unemployment rate than the group of childless women and women who have older children or are not living with them. main family. is the online library of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) featuring its books, papers, podcasts and statistics and is the knowledge base of OECD's analysis and data. The American family today. For Israel and the UnitedStates, data refer to children aged 0-17. Note: The statistics are based on the 2018 Fertility Survey. Source: Eurostat (2021[51]), At-risk-of-poverty rate by poverty threshold and household type EU-SILC and ECHP surveys, https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li03&lang=en. (2018), Child poverty in the OECD:Trends, determinants and policies to tackle it, [52] Miho,A. and O.Thvenon (2020), Treating all children equally? As the new Spanish regulation allows fathers and mothers to take all of the leave concurrently as well as part-time, it will be useful to monitor if the expected impact on paternal involvement varies according to the different patterns of leave use. 20/1, https://doi.org/10.1177/110330881102000102. [25] European Commission (2019), Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/ebs_493_data_fact_lgbti_eu_en-1.pdf. American family life is changing. Every time Spain goes through an economic crisis, the family re-emerges as a very important support system. Exact definitions on part-time and full-time status as well as on the included population of mothers differ for some countries, as indicated in the original source. Evidence from Spain, in Cesnuiyt,V. In Spain as well as on average across 22 European OECD countries, among full-time employees, fewer parents earn a low pay. [45] Moreno,A. A 2022 study published in Demographic Research found that shared . Source: OECD calculations based on the EU-LFS. A lack of affordable housing in rural areas can make it difficult for new families to settle there or for young people to move out of their parental home. In addition, children living in households where one of the adults has child support obligations may in reality experience a higher risk of poverty than the data are capturing. For instance, the income growth provided by the increase in the employment rate of mothers in Denmark and Sweden suggests that family-friendly employment policies can pave the way for significant reductions in child poverty. The March 2020 Current Population Survey says 37% of Black children live with both biological parents, 48% in single-parent households and 4% with a biological parent and a nonbiological parent. Although nine in ten people in Spain and European countries overall consider that having children is an important element of a successful marriage or partnership, having children is no longer considered a key element for achieving happiness, and women are not stigmatised for not having children. One major reason why more young people continue to live with their parents is the increase in life expectancy - a 30-year-old man is more likely to live with at least one surviving parent in 2020 . Older, less educated and more religious people as well as men and people living in rural areas support this type of family much less frequently. [2] Meil,G. (2006), The Evolution of Family Policy in Spain, Marriage & Family Review, Vol. In Spain, the increased availability of paternity leave and joint physical custody starting in 2007 appear to contribute to higher involvement by fathers (Flaquer and Escobedo, 2020[33]; Meil, 2011[34]). The analysis shows that differences in trends regarding paternal and maternal employment rates and job quality are the most important factors explaining cross-national differences in the evolution of the income for low-income families. At the same time, the At the same time, rural families may be more frequently faced with the necessity to find accommodation in urban areas for their young adult children who are pursuing higher educational degrees, because of a lack of higher education and training options in rural areas. These shares are similar to OECD and EU averages. This chapter provides an overview on the current trends that are leading to an increasing diversity of family forms and family life in Spain. services, tax breaks and leave arrangements that support family members in raising In 2018, 74% of children aged14years or younger living with a single parent had their parent working either part- or full-time, compared to the EU average of 70.3% and the OECD average of 69.6%. Four of Spain's seven nuclear reactors are scheduled to close by the end of 2030, representing around 4 gigawatts of capacity. It also aims to coordinate the participation of Spain in international R&D programmes on radiologic protection, and especially in Horizon 2020, the framework programme for R&D in the European Union. According to a 2013-14 study based on the Health Behaviour of School Aged Children,3 6% of young adolescents aged11 to 15 were living in such a family. For women born between 1969 and 1973, the last Fertility Survey estimates the gap between the actual and potential fertility at 0.2 children per woman (Esteve and Trevio, 2019[8]). [21] Ajenjo-Cosp,M. and N.Garca-Saladrigas (2016), Las parejas reconstituidas en Espaa: un fenmeno emergente con perfiles heterogneos / Stepfamily Couples in Spain: An Emerging Phenomenon with Heterogeneous Profiles, Revista Espaola de Investigaciones Sociolgicas, Vol. [13] Gonzlez,J. and M.Requena (2008), Tres dcadas de cambio social en Espaa, Alianza Editorial, https://doi.org/10.2307/40184745. [58] Mdenes,J. Although the high poverty rate among large families has been well-known for at least two decades and Spanish family policy has a strong focus on large families, advances in reducing poverty have been very limited. Secondly, the statistic includes older teenagers who were born at a time when out-of-wedlock birth were still less frequent. Similar outcomes are found in France and the UnitedKingdom. According to the Spanish National Statistics Institute, over 2 million marriages . [2] Meil,G. (2006), The Evolution of Family Policy in Spain. In the Spanish case, at 49.9%, the employment rate of mothers with less than an upper secondary degree is higher than the EU average (45.1%), while the rates for those with upper secondary and tertiary degrees are below the EU average. Data for Japan refer to 2018, for Chile to 2017 and for Turkey to 2013. [18] Flaquer,L. and D.Becerril (2020), Consecuencias socioeconmicas de la ruptura de parejas, in Faria,F. and P.Ortuo (eds. Across many dimensions, people in Spain benefit from well-being outcomes that are similar to or better than the OECD average. Source: Esteve and Trevio (2019[8]), The main whys and wherefores of childlessness in Spain, https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/worpap/2019/204270/perdem_a2019m04n015iENG.pdf. WASHINGTON, D.C. -- Four decades after a radiation leak at the Three Mile Island (TMI) nuclear power plant in Pennsylvania caused a national scare, Americans are evenly split on the use of nuclear power as a U.S. energy source. Longitudinal data shows that the employment rate of mothers falls in themonths prior to giving birth. The rising share of dual-earner households tracks increasing maternal employment rates. Nuclear families may have one or more children who are biological or adopted, but the main idea is that the parents . An adverse economic environment with low economic growth and high unemployment is negatively associated with fertility, suggesting that economic stability and expectations for the future impact couples decisions to start or grow their families (Hoorens etal., 2011[9]). ), Enquesta a la joventut de Catalunya 2017, http://treballiaferssocials.gencat.cat/web/.content/JOVENTUT_documents/arxiu/publicacions/col_estudis/Estudis36_EJC2017_V1_6-emancipacio-familia.pdf (accessed on 12May2021). [55] Ayala,L. etal. A few points to note about this data: Renewable energy here is the sum of hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal, modern biomass and wave and tidal energy. This accentuated situations of poverty and contributed to a social perception of high insecurity. But in 2017, only 37.3% of rural households in Spain lived in an area where fixed broadband internet was available, compared to 85.0% of all Spanish households and an unweighted OECD average of 59.1% for rural households (Figure1.15). In 1970, more than 40% of households were comprised of nuclear families; today, that figure is not even 20%. has led to a decline in the traditional nuclear family model. One of the main reasons for the low fertility rate is the postponement of childbearing. However, due to the increase in one-person households and nuclear-family households since the 1960s, the average size of households was down . Please select the WEB or READ option instead (if available). This can produce a high perception of insecurity: once rooted in a place, tenant families face high costs to move if they cannot afford the increase in rents. As a comparison point, the OECD defines a rural community as having a population density below150 inhabitants perkm (OECD, 2016[61]). [41] Meil,G., J.Rogero-Garca and P.Romero-Balsas (2017), Why parents take unpaid Parental leave. The gross electricity generation from nuclear plants within the EU in 2021 amounted to 731 701 GWh . well-being, reduce child poverty and make family life easier for all. Since2000, the share of children born whose parents were not married has nearly tripled, from 17.7% to 47.3% in 2018.1 A higher share of college-educated women compared to women with lower educational attainment are cohabitating rather than being married, but among cohabitating women, those with lower educational attainment are more likely to give birth than those with intermediate or higher education. Table 1.7. How to Promote Social Mobility, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en. [62] Comisionado del Gobierno frente al Reto Demogrfico (2017). [34] Meil,G. (2011), El uso de los permisos parentales por los hombres y su implicacin en el cuidado de los nios en Europa, Revista Latina de Sociologa, Vol. [57] Bosch,J. and C.Trilla (2019), Housing system and welfare state. ), La gestion positiva de la ruptura de pareja con hijos, Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia. This essentially described a family of a father, mother and children. There is some government support for expanding nuclear energy to reduce reliance on natural gas. (larger percentage of people in younger age groups, indicating high birth rates and high fertility rates) and narrow top (high death rate and . To sum up, we can regard the prevalence of the nuclear family in Spanish society as evident. In 2000, only 73% did. [43] Consejo de la Juventud de Espaa and J.Lpez Oller (2020), Observatorio de Emancipacin. (2018), Emancipaci i familia: Una anlisi dels arranjaments familiars i les trajectries demancipaci dels joves catalans incorporant la perspectiva de la satisfacci vital, in Serracant,P. [53] INE (2019), Encuesta Anual de Estructura Salarial, Instituto Nacional de Estadstica, https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=28182&L=0 (accessed on 28April2021). 28/2, https://doi.org/10.22325/fes/res.2018.72. Spanish society values families and family life highly, but the way that families look and live is changing. [27] Flaquer,L. and A.Escobedo (2009), The Metamorphosis of Informal Work in Spain: Family Solidarity, Female Immigration and Development of Social Rights, in Pfau-Effinger,B., L.Flaquer and P.Jensen (eds. [60] Secretara general para el reto demogrfico (2019). [26] European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2020). Compared to 2004, the proportion of minor children living with married parents declined by 7percentage points; while the shares living with cohabitating parents or a single parent rose by four and 7percentage points, respectively. 3. The ratio of inhabitants over the age of 65 to the inhabitants under the age of 15 is equal to nine in municipalities with less than 100 inhabitants, compared to around 1.3 in cities with more than 100000 inhabitants. Spain's fertility rate is at one of its lowest levels in decades at 1.35 births per woman. Changes in the gender gaps in time use are higher when mothers are employed and have higher educational attainment. The definition of a nuclear family varies, some limit the term to only biological ( consanguineal ) children of a couple while others include stepchildren and adopted children (e.g., blended family ). [33] Flaquer,L. and A.Escobedo (2020), Las licencias parentales y la poltica social a la paternidad en Espaa, in Flaquer,L., T.Cano and M.Barbeta-Vias (eds.). . Source: OECD estimates based on the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey 2014. (2020), Becoming primary caregivers? This share is the second highest among OECDcountries and the highest among EU OECD. First, living with parents can include situations of reconstituted families where both adults are parents but only one of them is a parent of the child or teenager in question. The Spanish case within the European context, Observatorio Social de la Caixa, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/-/sistema-de-vivienda-y-estado-del-bienestar-el-caso-espanol-en-el-marco-europeo (accessed on 13May2021). In order to show family structure in a more realistic way, Statistics Iceland has launched a . Despite its relatively recent introduction in 2005, joint physical custody is now granted in 37.5% of cases (INE, 2020[14]). In 2018, 1.3% of women and 0.5% of men who were working full-time earned less than the minimum interprofessional salary; while 43.1% of women and 35.6% of men earned less in between one to two times the minimum salary (INE, 2019[53]). (2020), Becoming primary caregivers? [16] Solsona,M. and M.Ajenjo (2017), Joint Custody: One More Step towards Gender Equality?, Perspectives Demogrfiques, pp. Only Korea among OECDcountries has a lower total fertility rate: 1.0 compared to 1.3 in Spain, 1.5 across the EU and 1.6 across the OECD in 2018 (OECD, 2021[4]). 2020:Measuring Well-being, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/0876cc2d-en. No information for Japan, Korea and NewZealand due to data limitations. Working-age adults are defined as 18-64year-olds. As of 2020, there were 128.45 million households in the US. [19] Flaquer,L. and D.Becerril (2020), La ruptura de parejas en cifras: La realidad espaola, in Faria,F. and P.Ortuo (eds. Of that total, 54.2 percent were nuclear-family households, and 38.1 percent were one-person households. A 2016 study based on the 2011 Spanish Census suggests that among heterosexual couples that live with a child under the age of 18, one of the members of the couple is not a parent of the minor child in 7.4% of cases (Ajenjo-Cosp and Garca-Saladrigas, 2016[21]). This prevalence was below the EU-25 average of 8% and the share in France (13%). Source: OECD Earnings Distribution Database, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/employmentdatabase-earningsandwages.htm. 61-97. https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=estadistica_C&cid=1254736176798&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735573206. nuclear family, also called elementary family, in sociology and anthropology, a group of people who are united by ties of partnership and parenthood and consisting of a pair of adults and their socially recognized children. From 54.3% of the urban households of 2001, nuclear families have fallen to 52.3% of all urban households. The steady fall in the number of marriages since the beginning of the 21st century partially explains the recent drop in the number of divorces (6.4% between 2017 and 2019). This wave of the international comparative HBSC survey included questions on shared residence from the childs perspective, allowing an analysis of joint custody arrangements and impacts on subjective well-being. In 2019, about two-thirds (67%) of mothers were employed in Spain. In contrast, the fertility rate was still among the highest in Europe in 1975, at 2.8 children per women. [8] Esteve,A. and R.Trevio (2019), The main whys and wherefores of childlessness in Spain, Perspectives Demografiques 15, https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/worpap/2019/204270/perdem_a2019m04n015iENG.pdf. The Census Bureau's count showed that 17.8 percent of the . The rural population shrank by around 40%, reaching more than 50% in the inland regions of Spain (Pinilla and Sez, 2017[59]). From 1995 onwards, the liberalisation of the rental market produced a dual housing market between those who could afford ownership and those who had to rely on the private rental market. [15] Flaquer,L. (2015), El avance hacia la custodia compartida o el retorno del padre tras una larga ausencia, in Espaa 2015 Situacin social, Centro de Investigaciones Sociolgicas, Madrid. Since divorce became legal and co-habitation more socially acceptable, the number of children born to unmarried parents has increased considerably. is argued that the joint family is now slowly giving way to nuclear families, but many functional relationships with the non-residential family members are maintained in a nuclear family set-up (Agarwala, 1962; Desai, 1964; Gore, 1968; Kapadia, 1969). World Nuclear Association, World . Counting stepchildren and adopted children as "own" children, we find Table 2.-Number of families and single persons and average family size, 1940, 1950, and 1958 and pro- [3] Ayuso,L. (2019), Nuevas imagenes del cambio familiar en Espana, Revista Espaola de Sociologa, Vol. However, even among members of working households with children, 15.6% live in relative poverty in Spain, compared with the 8.5% OECD average. Generally, the transition to fatherhood has been associated with the consolidation of mens professional status; while the transition to motherhood has been associated with an intensification of the caregiver role, which may affect the professional status to a lesser or greater extent. Data are for 2014 for NewZealand; 2015 for Japan and Turkey; 2017 for Chile, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Mexico, the Netherlands (provisional), Switzerland and the UnitedStates. Although there is a clear tendency toward decreasing, the nuclear family is still the dominant type of household in China. This is in part because Spain has a difficult labor market and fewer work-life balance policies, making it hard for young people to create families. The changing profile of Spanish families, The changing structure of Spanish families, https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/worpap/2019/204270/perdem_a2019m04n015iENG.pdf, https://www.ine.es/dyngs/INEbase/es/operacion.htm?c=estadistica_C&cid=1254736176798&menu=ultiDatos&idp=1254735573206, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm, http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/LMF_1_2_Maternal_Employment.xlsx, http://www.oecd.org/els/family/HM1.4-Living-arrangements-age-groups.xlsx, https://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_li03&lang=en, www.oecd.org/employment/emp/employmentdatabase-earningsandwages.htm, https://www.oecd.org/els/family/HC1-2-Housing-costs-over-income.xlsx, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/informe-necesidades-sociales-juventud, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/en/-/sistema-de-vivienda-y-estado-del-bienestar-el-caso-espanol-en-el-marco-europeo, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0306-x, https://observatoriosociallacaixa.org/es/-/la-inmigracin-dinamiza-la-espana-rural, https://doi.org/10.1332/204674320X15919852635855, https://www.mptfp.gob.es/dam/es/portal/reto_demografico/Documentos_interes/Despoblacion_Igualdad.pdf0.pdf, http://treballiaferssocials.gencat.cat/web/.content/JOVENTUT_documents/arxiu/publicacions/col_estudis/Estudis36_EJC2017_V1_6-emancipacio-familia.pdf, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/default/files/ebs_493_data_fact_lgbti_eu_en-1.pdf, https://data.europa.eu/euodp/en/data/dataset/S2251_91_4_493_ENG, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/1/1b/Households_composition_2019data_v0.xlsx, https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Tabla.htm?t=28182&L=0, https://extranjeros.inclusion.gob.es/es/estadisticas/, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616718.2015.1130604, https://doi.org/10.1177/110330881102000102, http://www.oecd.org/housing/data/affordable-housing-database/, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264311992-en, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264301085-en, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264260245-en, http://www.oecd.org/social/family/database.htm, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264307216-en, http://www.reis.cis.es/REIS/jsp/REIS.jsp?opcion=articulo&ktitulo=2465&autor=JUAN+MANUEL+GARC%CDA+GONZ%C1LEZ, https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Documents/2020/280220-despoblacion-en-cifras.pdf. On average across the OECD, individuals living in jobless households with at least one child are nearly eight times more likely to be income-poor than working households with at least one child (Figure1.8). Even prior to the COVID-19 crisis, unemployment rates were high in Spain. [40] OBrien,M. and K.Wall (2017), Comparative Perspectives on Work-Life Balance and Gender Equality. [52] Miho,A. and O.Thvenon (2020), Treating all children equally? The pattern that the majority of working single parents do so full time is common across European countries, with the exception of the UnitedKingdom. The trend did not stop in the new millennium, with three out of four towns in Spain having lost population between 2010 and 2020 (Secretara general para el reto demogrfico, 2019[60]). Children are present in a slightly larger share of households than across the EU on average, but there are fewer large families. However, comparative research evidence (OBrien and Wall, 2017[40]; Meil, Rogero-Garca and Romero-Balsas, 2017[41]) indicates that substantial effects only occur when fathers are the only parent who is on leave for at least one uninterrupted month. The economic crisis resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic further pushed unemployment rates upwards, reaching 16.0% in January2021 (OECD average: 6.8%). Here Are 6 Different Family Types and Their Unique Family Dynamics: 1. 2. Unemployed fathers caring alone in Spain, Families, Relationships and Societies, https://doi.org/10.1332/204674320X15919852635855. [30] MITRAMISS (2021), Statistics of the Permanent Observatory of the Immigration, https://extranjeros.inclusion.gob.es/es/estadisticas/ (accessed on 15February2021). Actual fertility in Spain is below the desired level. [36] Flaquer,L. etal. Although little information is available about the legal features of separations filed by unmarried parents, a crucial finding is that 59% of separations are contested compared to only 23% of divorce cases.2. In 2018, nearly one in five children (19.3%) lived in relative income poverty in Spain, compared with 12.9% in OECDcountries on average (Figure1.7, PanelA).4 Spain ranks highest amongst European OECDcountries, and its child poverty rate is more than five times higher than the rate in Finland, the OECD country with the lowest child poverty rate. Three quarters of the population now see it as the best solution when a couple cannot work out their marriage problems (ISSP, 2012[23]). There are both working- and middle-class families in Jamaica, with . So the joint family system is disintegrating and is being replaced by a nuclear family. 1-4, https://doi.org/10.46710/ced.pd.eng.8. Or consider purchasing the publication. The gap is still substantially larger in countries such as France and Germany, while the gradient is much less perceptible for example in the Netherlands, Sweden or Portugal. Between 1880 and 1940, a greater percentage of White than non-White households . ), Formal and Informal Work: the Hidden Work Regime in Europe, Routledge, New York. (2018[49])for a definition of the variables. Young men, who may have not completed school, in turn might find it difficult to move but also to find a partner in their local area. [7] Bernardi,F. (2005), Public policies and low fertility: rationales for public intervention and a diagnosis for the Spanish case, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. The key insight is that they are all much, much safer than fossil fuels. 5/1, p.95, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0306-x. The number of households in the United States increased 11 percent, from 105.5 mil- lion in 2000 to 116.7 million in 2010. Nuclear families are where the genetic material is passed on or. Along with fewer employment opportunities, the lack of access to private and public services are among the challenges for individuals in rural areas. [33] Flaquer,L. and A.Escobedo (2020), Las licencias parentales y la poltica social a la paternidad en Espaa, in Flaquer,L., T.Cano and M.Barbeta-Vias (eds. A significant increase in the minimum wage in 2019 brought the Spanish minimum to median wage ratio more in line with other OECDcountries (Figure1.12). [31] OECD (2020), International Migration Outlook 2020, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/ec98f531-en. This was to distinguish from an "extended family," which could include grandparents, or others. In 2019, the incidence of low pay among full-time employees with children was 5.8percentage points lower than among full-time employees without children in Spain, and 3.5percentage points on average. The country had been hit hard by the global financial crisis and the recovery process had been slow. That dictionary defines the term as "a family group that consists only of father, mother, and children". Nine out of every ten youth ages twenty to twenty-four were still living with their parents, compared with 62 percent of individuals ages twenty-five to twenty-nine who were also living at home with their nuclear families (as cited by Prez-Daz, Chuli, and Valiente 2000). This share is significantly higher than the average among OECDcountries (64.5%), placing Spain third highest among OECDcountries. The nuclear family is disintegratingor so Americans might conclude from what they watch and read. Note: For EUcountries and Canada, rural areas are those with a population density less than 100 and 400 per square kilometre, respectively. No data on mortgage repayments available for Denmark. [38] Duvander,A. and A.Jans (2009), Consequences of Fathers Parental Leave Use: Evidence from Sweden, Finnish Yearbook of Population Research, https://doi.org/10.23979/fypr.45044. Note: Some online sources claim that the term "nuclear family . While the share of traditional nuclear family has declined over time due to legal and societal changes, it nonetheless remains the predominant family model. . The decline in employment quality (shorter working hours, lower real minimum wage) and lower public transfers also contributed significantly to lower income of full-time working fathers. While there were 1,218,370 families in the State on Census Night, 862,721 of these were families with children, an increase of 28,455 since 2011. New definition of Nuclear families age 0 - 24 Until now, Statistics Iceland has used the legal definition of nuclear families. When measured as a ratio of the countrys median wage, the minimum wage barely reached 40% throughout the 2000s and 2010s. your login credentials do not authorize you to access this content in the selected format. That being said, the persistence of low-income status across generations may be lower in Spain than in a number of other OECDcountries. Some have even called nuclear families, "the building blocks of society." This definition of nuclear families can be contrasted with the term "nuclear extended family." [42] Escobedo,A. etal. The total fertility rate the synthetic average number of children that would be born to each woman if she were to give birth to children in alignment with the current age-specific fertility rates has been below both the EU and OECD averages since 1983. This rate roughly corresponds to the EU-28 average and France and Portugals rates, but it is much higher than in Italy (1.5)and Greece (1.0) (OECD, n.d.[6]). Since2010, the number of foreigners with legal residence initially descended but then grew again significantly, over the 2018 to 2020 period (from 4.7million residents in January2018 to 5.2million in 2020, after having reached a peak of 5.8million individuals in 2011) (INE, 2021[28]). In 2019, 14.2% of the Spanish labour force was unemployed, the second highest rate in the OECD (whose average stood at 5.6%), after Greece. Early unification of Spain's tribal groups occurred under Roman rule (circa 200 B.C.E. Spain has the lowest total fertility rate among EUcountries and many Spanish families are becoming smaller. Separations of unmarried couples with children have been soaring in the last few years. The highest among OECDcountries and the UnitedStates, data refer to 2018, for Chile to 2017 and for to... 2006 ), Formal and Informal Work: the Statistics are based on European. Outcomes are found in France ( 13 % ), Treating all children equally and for Turkey 2013! 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